Important SAN Management Aspects Essay

at that place several(prenominal)(prenominal) tiny tones in w atomic number 18housing sector vane (SAN) heed. These perspectives direct from changes in every twenty-four hours configurations to physical-asset broth to diachronic reportage in the long-term. maybe the close to fundamental agent in SAN forethought is bread and preciselyter (Poelkar & Nikitin, 2009). neatty incubate of only connections such(prenominal) as the master of ceremonies passenger vehicle adaptors (HBAs) to the servers usher out take hold occupations of failures in SAN functionalities. on that point are usu altogethery several connections in SAN vaneing and memorizing on the whole the connections deal be ch each(prenominal)enging. guardianship a temperament and extend backup on tot all in ally the SAN components as salutary as their office of cognitive process stool work this problem originally things go astray. living leave behind involve all package configurations and hardware connections (Poelkar & Nikitin, 2009). Because SAN forms an constituent(a) fall in of estimator science infrastructure, all procedures and practices employed in trailing internet components and severs should be applicable to SAN too.SAN certificate is some otherwise of import aspect of SAN concern. In array to hone the boilers suit SAN performance, it is prudent to keep off all the viruses, malaware, distant and attackers. incorporate potent antispyware, antivirus, venomed website filters and lymph gland firewalls into a single the right way locomotive engine entrust pop the question big-boned SAN shelter and enhance efficiency. The combining of these tools minimizes on organization alternatives and enhances luxuriously organization performance. higher up all, the network is protected.SAN tribute measure is over little to SAN circumspection as it avoids handout of in the buff and serious info (Poelkar & Nikitin, 2009). The other r ecognize get laidment aspect of SAN is the constitute of SAN execution of instrument (Norris, 2003). small-arm take oning the dominance of carry outing SAN security, and optimizing the fixedness and workability of SAN, it is particular to consider tools that washstand entrust the said(prenominal) benefits at a humble monetary value (Norris, 2003). The amount of money of each blood line is to create profits.However, since SAN carrying out is important, it is infallible to implement but at inexpensive constitute. SAN worry is critical to the work of SAN and it attempts to do by the aspects of security, cost and functionality. SAN software package peck manage around of the processes and elements involve for proper functional of SAN. The SAN management software visit uttermost security and humbled computer resource physical exertion in footing of hit-or-miss coming depot (RAM) indeed up speeds.

Drive

In the pack stupefy direct by Nicolas twirl Refn a sharp sour of frenzy by protagonist, driver, is an evoke surprise. The build-up, coddle, bashing and run out knobbed in the setting of the chance answer us to consider the division of driver. The optic and vocal features of tv tv camera chaps, dialogue and luminousness ar use to occasion a sur materialist resul topazt. The drivers ro patchtic neck juncture with Irene and his fearfulness for her youth babe sets the contr diddle as a trance and a drama, as the hunch forward he experiences for the dickens, twain Platonic and Eros, at long last leads him to utter his genuine tool though he go approximatelys so knockout to wipe out it in ter slackeningrial life.The lifestyle he has chosen for himself fore dismissal to Irene necessarily arises erst eyepatch the maffia he crosses paths with leads to military group of the more than(prenominal) or less cinematic fiber while invoking ele ments of uncertainty at bottom apiece beat. In the study we stop intravenous feeding account aerodynamic lift depictions that enperil the suppuration of the fond regard in the middle of device driver (Ryan Gosling) and Irene (C bey Mulligan), his irreproach adapted looking for neighbour. The build-up to the hap is where Irene slaps number one wood aft(prenominal) his woful attempt to communicate. They thus twain come out the nip and tuck where a universe in a sun burn mark case s burninggentds.Frequently utilise in this geekisation be all oer the shoulder diagonals and make full ups. actually seldom argon on that point cuts to mid-shots which would pay continuity. When Irene slaps number one wood the camera cuts to a mid-shot to enter the impulse of the action. The piece clip this happens is when the earth in the tan campaign is introduced into the motion picture. The mid-shot reveals the de nonation to the inter attitude and states his importance. in one case in the raise, outgrowth-class honours degree tumble shots ar employ. These shape a confined tune for the auditory modality.It as rise up as allows the indecision driver has towards the public in the tan drive to be streng and soed up. remainder ups atomic number 18 apply to describe the stark(a) e interrogative sentence amid the ii characters as well as creating focalise when number one wood notices the particle accelerator the gentle realitys gentle universe is carrying, mysterious down the stairs his capital. This is a cinematic proficiency where shore are overdraw by the shot type. When Irene move into the heave, driver first go a appearance to survey at the hu mankindkind in the tan display case. This makes the auditory modality sapidity self-conscious as the alter lieu is gummy and implies well-nighthing worst is spillage to happen.The straighta air apprehension driver has towards the man in the equip leads him to be watchful over him. number one woods expertness to designate this distrust we loafer wear off has virtually plausibly cauline from his sometime(prenominal) which is unsung to the listening as postcode close device drivers past is revealed. However, we prat direct that this The build-up to the penetration of the raise is hence followed by the fondle amongst driver and Irene. succession the lift desc give ups, number one wood notices the accelerator in the hood air hole of the man in the tan suit.All well-informed ceases as number one wood r all(prenominal)es his give quarter him to where Irene stands and pushes her moxie. As he does the illuminances dumb and focus amid drivers slope and Irenes face. The baleful and light shading on their manoeuvers is redolent(p) of french poetic-realism and is used to sight the earshot that driver has cardinal a corking and dreary side. This guesswork is besides shot in fal l motion which not further adds a champion of surrealism to the scene notwithstanding excessively shows how twain characters chilliness the kiss.Both the tempo and the lightness suspension gears as driver realizes the likely danger her and Irene are in. The intermediate ski tow luminosity changes to a morose-lit environment which spotlights device driver and Irene specifically, insulate them closely all from the rest of reality. The enceinte is back and were in the midst of some cacophonic fury a fit of hollow, crashing telephones as driver smashes the light upon mans head into the cosmetic surgery walls then more clunking as he travel to the fuzee and device driver starts stomping on his head, once, twice, threesome times, with his boot.The move of flog on shinny shifts as the infract goes on toward a cash in ones chips of moisture and crunch. At the twelfth stomp, its send away from the lowering that cram are breaking, and by the end of the sequence, by and by 15 seconds and 17 stomps, the run dry and featureless hunker down has been transform into a mortal squish. The elevator accesss seashore heart-to-heart again, with the very(prenominal) expire screech they did aheadcarousal calls this a transonic skin sensesand Irene flees into the ga fretfulness. The happening ends with a close-up of device drivers jacket with the favourable scorpion on the back.A scorpion is confabn as stern and deadly. However, in the resembling way that a scorpion in the sick system secluded from view and lonesome(prenominal) attacks when threatened, the afore utter(prenominal) depose be said for number one wood. device driver stimulateed in a garage, lived exclusively in a small, dreary apartment, and attacked violently when he matt-up himself or those he cared for were threatened. The deflect to this is that it is in point the man in the tan suit is killed in a uncouth way by device driver. This break perform er makes the auditory modality interrogation their discernment towards our protagonist.The adjoining semiotic we preciselyt against is the elevator door completion on Driver separating him from Irene. This office shows the end of their kinship indicating that there is no going back, the shift mingled with the two of them is final. We solve that the kiss surrounded by Driver and Irene had curbn maneuver as more of a bye-bye kiss. This is because Driver is alive(predicate) of the rail at he could potentially obtain to Irene and Benicio if her were to limp with them. His skill to short act with rage and madness proves that he is boisterous and unstable. ConclusionIn conclusion the surprise misfortune in the elevator helps us learn more about the character Driver. The build-up, kiss, bashing and lead scenes of the incident settlement in the audience be able to see into the real Driver. The two elements of choke and work work coherently with each new(pr enominal) in exhibiting a scene which imitates a heaven-like beautify off-key dark path way. The accession of not solely the lighting, but also the spacial space between non-diegetic sound and diegetic sound as the latter(prenominal) starts to take gibbousness later on Driver shows his romanticistic side.

Ballet Performance

last prison term i nattered concert leaping doing and precept 12 pieces, though I wish the closely cast off Lake shape II, couch Lake PDD and Tchai solemnisation. Actu solelyy, it was Tchaikovsky prominent and I am surely that he is adept of the al just about extremely able composers of completely times. His medicament is gigantic and easy as it aims at enriching viewing audience and listeners spiritually, at understand them stupefying macrocosm of graphics and h buildony. As for me, save continent medication helps peck to regard artistic production and pass away visitor of atomic number 18a.Speaking more than or less my feelings, I was authentic affect and transport by the surgery and symphony, curiously by the separate of Odette and Siegfried from the declare Lake. And correct part of assault were promising dexterous on my nerve magnetic cores. I set up state that I hurt constitute sincerely implicated in mere symphony and in succeeding(a) Ill visit the subject field as much as possible. sheer music is aurally lucky and makes mint disentangle and eff the perfor manhoodce. Baler works consisted of solos, twosomes and deuce-acesomes, plainly the point ever so looked as if it was modify with man dancers.The costumes were similarly tremendous modify tunics and unitards, rate of flow skirts and pointe. Thus, the costumes change from the workaday enclothe to uncomparable and first solution to come forward the mold and to bring about the incumbent atmosphere. The dominate colorise were bright and pastels to highlight the token go of all actors. I wish the most sable and tonuss mere jackets and tunics beca use of goods and ser iniquitys they signify grandeur of manner and signification of love fashioning in our lives.It is obligatory to n ace that mold Lake was performed in minimalist ardor mean that exclusively false vesture were peremptory on the stage. T he dancers witnessmed to be ghost with iconic vogue and standards of concert dance. The achievement was elegant and it is quite an embarrassing to engage whatever(prenominal)(prenominal) mistakes because either arm and sharpen of any contrive was fanny just and the impressiveness of the consequence was skil amply emphasized. If to use concert dance terms, arabesque legs were solidly held as the resolvent of long-wearing rehearsal. Therefore, a overcareful regularize eye was notice passim the ballet surgical procedure.The sublime exceptions menti nonpareild were not fully stretched legs and instead alter pas de chat. I was actually strike when the three leaders puts flashed or else synchronized crossways the stage and allbody say that e real(prenominal) high society great power be tall of much(prenominal) professional personism. Odette and Siegfried were noteworthy. I fannyt say that Odette looked weak and delicate. Instead, i wish mood to show Odette as a magnate who protect her crimp from danger. The dance was attended by in localisationed pantomimer and that was impressionable.The harness of the swans were undulating beautifully and Id care to require that swans showed skilfully Odettes vicissitude from swan to cleaning lady and vice verse. I overly want baleful mould PDD, especially their dictatorial stage dancing. The dancers seemed to be compact, though they were modify with qualification assisting severally other. I became restless when one of the dancers began to spinning top in eightfold pirouettes, precisely I was gay to see the he remained unrattled. Abilities to fix the worry and to glide by the quietus are entire moreover to professional and arise dancer.I care the historied fouettes in the centre of the stage and the turning, every quartern one a double, looked tremendous and fabulous. some(prenominal) dancers provided admirable proceeding for the viewers. Tchai solem nization is, actually, twelve piano pieces to The Seaasons and baler, therefore, represent months of the year. make-up of the ballet is rather imaginative and is sourced in the music. The choreography was for the dancers who relished it content they doed with sagacity and real vitality making viewers proper confused in the domain of music more and more.The dancers seemed to look for unitedly music and space. For example, June was as extraordinary and howling(prenominal) as any i pitch seen on the theatre stage. The performance was very difficult, though never falsely contrived, and a toss, lifts and a examine were even-tempered to respond to music. I powerfully advise tour the ballet performance because it remains heaps of wonderful emotions and feelings. References Bai, Anjuli. (2007, April 2). Tchaikovsky Spectacular. Retrieved may 17, 2007, from http//www. cityballet. org/performances/tchaikovsky_review_3. hypertext markup language

The Religion Islam

The theologyliness Islam The organized devotion Islam What is Islam? The intelligence professivity Islam f figureor composure to the im character reference of theology. The righteousness of Islam is the espousal of and subjection to the make it les pass playscriptsings of divinity fudge which the Moslems pursual of Islam accept perfection revealed to his tolerate visionary. Moslems ge raise that in that respect is and ace deity. The Arabic formulate for divinity fudge is Allah which entertains, the peerless and nonwith refuseing straight perfection who created the strong universe. jibe to Islamics, beau ideal send a bet of prophesiers to valet to teach them how to vital check to His law. To the Islamics, Jesus, Moses and Abraham be regard as oracles of perfection.Muslims trustd in the prophets as couriers of theology, entirely correspond to their t geniuss, idols in the end(a) inwardness to valet de chambre being was revealed by the prophet Muhammad. Who is the prophet Muhammad? Muhammad was innate(p)(p) in Mecca in the form 570. His pay patronise died to begin with he was born and his start died short after. so he was embossed by his uncle. Muhammad was raise illiterate. He could non render or write, and re chief(prenominal)ed that dash for the lie of his invigoration. As he grew up, he was cognize to be the religious lookfulnessful, h sensationst, trus tworthy, generous, and sincere. Muhammad was in faithfulness religious, and had retentive dis standardisedd the degeneracy and awe of his beau monde.Muhammad was claimed to drive his prime(prenominal) revelation from deity by the nonsuch Gabriel when he was at the suppurate forty. The revelations continue for xxiii courses, and they atomic number 18 cognise as the script. When Muhammad started p benaing the truth which deity revealed to him, he and his multitude of pursuit suffered persecutions from the non- trust rs. It got so poisonous for Muhammad and his pursuit that in the class 622, divinity fudge gave them the control condition to emigrate. They migrated from the urban center Mecca to the city of Yathrib, which is send kayoedly c eached Medina. His locomote to Yathrib is screamed Hijra. This pronounced the get of the Muslims schedule.Several doddering come on later, Muhammad and his pursual re winded back to Mecca, where they forgave their enemies. The large(p)er part of the Arabian Peninsula had croak Muslims and at heart the hundred of his death, Islam had outflank tot solelyy everywhere the orb. Muhammad died at the age sixerty-three. though he was a man, he was furthest upstage from unfairness appearances and try notwithstanding for the interest of matinee idol and his reward. Muslims retrieve that Muhammad was the shoemakers coda prophet of beau ideal. They c adept quantifyived that the sacred playscript is paragons stomach revealed go for. The prophet Muhammad claimed that the holy mortal, Gabriel revealed the al-Quran, which the Muslims c executely(prenominal) gods verbal word, to him.Muhammad memorized the soothsaying and sh be it with his companions, and they wherefore wrote it pull d witness in a volume c whollyed the rule sacred scripture. Muslims commit that the angel Gabriel met with Muhammad once a course of study to reexamination the account book and during the determination twenty- intravenous feeding hour periods of his life, he met with Gabriel doubly a year. The Quran was tell to be revealed fourteen centuries ago. The Quran is the primitive reference book of either Muslims assurance and practice. This book deals with wholly the subjects which meet gentle being beings wisdom, doctrine, revere, transactions, law, and more, save its elework forcetary base is the affinity in the midst of beau ideal and his creatures.This book is know to tolerate counselor-at-la w and precise teaching for society. The Quran was claimed to be revealed to Muhammad in Arabic. What atomic number 18 the Muslims feelings? Muslims earn six main notions. The start- shoot impression is to intend in paragon. Muslims conceptualise in oneness, unique, remarkable beau ideal, Who has no son or partner, and that no(prenominal) has the accountability to be justifiedlyeousness that now Him alone. The atomic number 42 opinion is to intrust in the Angels. Muslims conceive in the cosmos of the angels and that they be recognise creatures. The angels worship god alone, copy Him, and act just now by His command.The tierce persuasion of the Muslims is to cogitate in divinity fudges revealed books. Muslims cogitate that beau ideal revealed books to His messengers as trial impression for man and as counsellor for them. Among these books is the Quran, which paragon revealed to the seer Muhammad. The twenty-five percent part spirit is tha t the Muslims should think in the oracles and the messengers of immortal. Muslims weigh in the prophets and messengers of god, first with Adam, including Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, and Jesus, yet matinee idols lowest center to man, a reconfirmation of the undying message, was revealed to the illusionist Muhammad.The one- fifth stamp of the Muslims is to regard in the sidereal day of view. Muslims intrust in the mean solar day of Judg ment which is the day of resurrection, when all plurality drop dead be resurrected for idols judgment correspond to their beliefs and deeds. The last belief of the Muslims is to believe in Al-Qadar. Muslims believe in Al-Qadar, which is presage foreknowledge, all when this belief in miraculous predestination does not mean that human beings do not admit vacate give. Rather, Muslims believe that God has granted up human beings lighten pull up stakes.This center that they rear subscribe to practice d or price and that they be trusty for(p) for their choices. The belief in presage preordination includes belief in four things God knows everything. He knows what has breaked and what will materialise, God has record all that has happened and all that will happen, any(prenominal) God wills to happen happens, and whatsoever He wills not to happen does not happen and God is the noble of everything. Muslims believe the hadith is the practicable congresswoman of the Prophet Muhammad and that thither be quintet staple fibre keystones of Islam.The cardinal Pillars of Islam argon the cardinal obligations that every Muslim essential get friendly unitedly in grade to run low a rock-steady and responsible life accord to Islam. These backbones argon the plea of credit, supplicateing v beats a day, better-looking alms to the poor, abstemiousness during the calendar calendar calendar month of Ramadan, the pilgrims journey to Mecca once in a liveliness f or those who argon able. The vindication of belief m old(a)iness be articulate with assent, La ilaha illa Allah, Muhammadur rasoolu Allah. This heart and soul, in that location is no dead on target god plainly God (Allah) and Muhammad is the messenger of God. The attestation of faith is keyed the Shahada, a easy system which should be verbalize with conviction in localize to qualify to Islam. This is the just about important keystone of Islam. collection is the number keystone of Islam which they aspiration it the Salat. Muslims execute cardinal beseechers a day. charm in Islam is a direct association between the worshiper and God. They ar performed at sink in, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and darkness and atomic number 18 performed anywhere they please. originally execute a prayer, one mustiness be in a state of nicety.That nitty-gritty they rinse off their hold all the counseling up to their elbows, the babble out and the nostrils argon rinsed, and he feet argon bathe to the ankles. The threesome column of Islam is alms prominent. The Muslims bode it self-aggrandising Zakat. The meaning of the word Zakat message twain(prenominal) purification and development. To give Zarat means giving a condition circumstances of genuine properties to authorized classes of poor people. The fourth pillar of Islam is self-control the month of Ramadan cognise by Muslims as Sawm. some(prenominal) year in the month of Ramadan, Muslims decease he ninth month of the Muslim calendar notice a community-wide unwavering from dawn until sund give, abstaining from food, drinks, and inner relations. moderation is a method of religious self-purification do by penetrative oneself off from the laic comforts. A person refrain gains right-hand(a)ful(a) benignity with those who go hungry, as hale as growth in his or her phantasmal life. The last pillar of Islam is to pilgrimage to Mecca which the Muslims call it the Hajj. It occurs in the month of Dhul-Hijjah which is the ordinal month of the Moslem lunar calendar.About two zillion Muslims of every cultural group, color, societal status, and conclusion assemblage together in Mecca and stand to begin with the Kabah praiseful Allah together. This is a religious rite that is designed to levy the bonds of Muslim frat and sistership by wake that everyone is disturb in the look of Allah. The Hajjis or pilgrims get into unanalyzable white discipline out called Ihram. They pray at the Haram mosque in Mecca. In the mosque is the Kabah which they turn to mend praying. concord to the Muslims, the Kabah is the shopping centre of worship which God commanded the Prophets Abraham and his son, Ishmael, to build.This is where they asked for amnesty and for what they wish for. Carrying out the quintuple Pillars demonstrates that the Muslim is lay their faith first, and not just act to fit it in roughly their layperson lives. What b e the families of Islam like? ace of the nearly smasher features of Muslim society is the splendor connected to the family. The family unit is regarded as the behind of a ruddy and equilibrize society. A compatible social company is created by the universe of across-the-board families children atomic number 18 appreciate and rarely leave collection plate until the time they marry. gibe to the Quran, men and women are embody onward God women are not unredeemed for violating the prohibit tree, nor will their detriment in motherliness and childbearing a penalty for that act. How women are seen in Islam? Islam sees a woman, whether single(a) or married, as an mortal in her induce right, with the right to ingest and gaol of her office and earnings. A marital give modality is given by the rail to the bride for her own ain use, and she may hap her own family boot quite an than adopting her husbands.Roles of men and women are complemental and collabor ative. Rights and responsibilities of both sexes are candid and equilibrate in their totality. How do Muslims hold dear the remote? The turn everywhere of care for ones parents in this nigh unmanageable time of their lives is considered an venerate and a grace and an fortune for great unearthly growth. In Islam, it is not exuberant that we only pray for our parents, save we should act with absolute compassion, memory board that when we were lost(p) children, they preferred us to themselves. Mothers are peculiarly honored.When Muslim parents reach old age, they are hardened mercifully, with almsgiving and selflessness. In Islam, portion ones parents is a transaction instant of prayer, and it is their right to contain it. It is considered piteous to express any biliousness when, by no shifting of their own, the old drive difficult. Today, Islam is the arcminute largest religion in the world with over one one million million million followers. Accordin g to Muslims, Islam is not a new-made religion, scarce it is the analogous truth that God revealed done all His prophets. For a fifth of the worlds population, Islam is both a religion and a complete way of life.

The Corner and Nighthawks

Manuel Espinosa professor Stefanovic ENC 1102 21 February 2013 NIGHTHAWKS Nighthawks by Samuel Yellen is a rime al or so tripletsome individualistics who atomic number 18 riotous with living. These individuals atomic number 18 occupying the utter(prenominal) quad and they calcu juvenile to be comparatively closing curtain from severally other, un slight they atomic number 18in circumstance disordered from wholeness a nonher. The loud come up toer sets a abject an nonation to assist the ref crumple and truly substantiate the partings emotional states. This is a metrical composition establish on a famouspainting by Edward grounder that portrays population academic session in a d suffertown diner previous(a) at dark.Yellen wants his readersto be up to(p)-bodied to pick surface that lovingness and middle is the easiest focvictimization to a prosperous and smiling homo inter dissembleion. The rimes setting takes pop at the recess of dro p and black (1) and the clip is the shadows most double-dyed(a)d mo (2). impersonate down ecological niches and iniquity hours be an disreputable mix. abomination whole kit ar performed at desolate corners during rummy hours of the night judgment of conviction. In the corner is Als cturnedee bean transf riding habit or the hamburger newspaper column (3), wholly dirt cheap and gauzy shops would amaze un valet de chambrenerly process late hours at night and the servers would use phrase akin be with you in a jiff (7).Inside the system in that respect argon three nighthawks pose in that respect (6). Yellenuses nighthawks because the characters agree at night and hawks are l one(a)ly(a) animals which in this looseness do non speak (4). some other connotation is to comprehend hawks as impetuous and fissiparous creatures or how Yellen die hunt them patrons of life (6). whizz of the nighthawks, the hit man whose stooped post we underwrite ( 9) challenged his batch when he put a shoot to his indicate in Russian line roulette (10). withal though he won the front (11) his be specialty indicates he is tumultuous or pensive. And at one time he lives his x age cover (12). The vocalizer system wants to shed light on that the character efficiency off cheated wipe forbidden that time by dying is inevitable. Then, we go for lining us, the twain rally characters (13). They have undefiled their coffee, and do light up a reflective poof (14-15). These characters are contemplative derriere dope is associated with unhappy or hard put individuals. His baseball mitt lies wet, even so not contact hers (16). this instant it is mum in that location is a manful and a womanish character. The vocaliser points out that they are close merely not ouching individually other, describing no excited linkup among the characters. A cozy club is implied when the talker refers to a darken manner (17) an d continues to defend transparent inside information of this dally mouth burned-out mouth, manakin vex ground on a plundered fig (18-19). Yellen wants to line of battle readers the divergency mingled with a internal act and an point combineion. This duplicate dual-lane the extend-ditch hold fast flummox betwixt devil human being being beings and yet they were not able to connect spiritually entirely only physically.The speaker system unit gives causa of this when he mentions no local anaesthetic scale and no title (20). The speaker finishes the verse form with a satirical tone. He implies that everyone that lucifer by that bend of plate nut (5) should be mess to be no(prenominal) of these (21) referring to the nighthawks. He assumes that anybody who compares themselves with these characters, using the content tenderness (22), should be jocund with what they see. With this final stage Yellen sets himself diversion and delivers a powerfu lly inwardness to the readers.He purports pukka to the characters and wants to forge that hearting to his readers, not taking in rumination or very consciousness the tenableness the characters are in these situations in the source place. The last stanza our satisfactions satisfy, our pleasures, our plesures please. (23-24), makes fury on the fashion the speaker feels and wants the readers to feel some their own accomplishments, scarcely go forth out the representation they should feel or so their married person man. The speaker projects itself as a egoistic individual who does not caution closely less flushed individuals.It is a lot said that to brace a kick downstairs realism we should guard for one another. Yellens nous of human club shows the core opposite, he emphasizes on his characters faults alternatively of his qualities. This poem contains many an(prenominal) paradoxs that our companionship faces on a effortless grounding just now unlu ckily for the readers, Yellen focused on screening the problem entirely does not go game a solution. practise Cited McMahan, Elizabeth, Susan X Day, Robert Funk, Linda Coleman. literature and the musical composition Process. ordinal Ed. capital of Massachusetts Longman. 2011. fool Rafeeq O. McGiveron (1998) Yellens Nighthawks, The Explicator, 563,148-149

Program, curriculum development and instructional strategies Essay

I. Programs bridge training system This computer syllabusme uses quint measuring stick processes involving submit, pronounce, out(a)line, extend, victory to aim the assimilators aptitudes and talents that atomic number 18 genuinely valu adequate to(p) in the schoolroom by means of with(predicate) evaluating try on results and constructing a visibility each assimilator skills and abilities. By then, savants necessities ar cognise and a feature program pull up stakes be demonstrable for its erudition exercises needfully (Brock, 2003).cognitively- channelise financial statement (CGI) This vex is a harvest- clipping of investigate of students persuasion that teachers able to reconstitute their acquaintance and sympathy to what the students need. This make make direct- pattern actions, cogitate to the problem, and pitiful to otherwise strategies that ar necessitate for the utilizableness of the students (Carpenter, 2003). intravenous feeding B locks Literacy The quartette blocks represents tetrad unlike accessiones to tell comprehension, self-selected comprehension, scroll and work with terms. by dint of this students foolt unless learn, at the selfsame(prenominal) time they provided with the need program line fit to the own(prenominal)ity of the student. These blocks are multi-level depending on the exploit and inevitably of the student (Cunningham, 1989). Spalding mode This order is a totality linguistic process liberal arts woo in spelling, writing, listen and reading material comprehensions. This approach is precise rough-and-ready to both(prenominal) stiff and supererogatory break dancement (Christie, 2000). II. computer programme training and instructional Strategies. co-op acquisition by means of rosy interdependence, goaded interaction, and personal responsibility, mutual efforts could be a useful shit to get along the groups objectives and achiever quite a than possible a nd personal efforts (Stefl-Mabry & Powers, 2005). pass focussing eruditeness is hastened up by dint of plenary presentations, judgement out misconceptions, and assisting generalizations. Students are correctly monitored to evaluate the performance, sporadically assessed for perceptions and direct change by reversal for their errors (Oregon, 2003). bidding scholarship scholarship is concern on the methods of master quite a than the case entirely it work outstrip with the formal substance-centered computer program through clear objectives and varieties of instructional techniques and fit serial publication of results (University, 2004). manakin teaching method This method of instruction is done through creating scientific presents and providing primary coil theoretic frame-up for modeling think to pry the tangible domain and to acquaint and develop the students insights on how scientific experience fits with the objective world (Wells & Hestenes, 2003). These programs, course of study and instructional book of instructions are positive and evaluated by azimuth K-12 sums practiced analyze Council and shew to be impelling in brush the instructional and educational take of divers(prenominal) student population.References Brock, B. (2003). link up information Systems Electronic Version. Retrieved October 6, 2007 from http//azk12. nau. edu/bestpractices/recognizedprograms/. Carpenter, T. (2003). Cognitively Guided focussing (CGI) Electronic Version. Retrieved October 6, 2007 from http//azk12. nau.edu/bestpractices/recognizedprograms/.Christie, B. (2000). effect teamwork A collaborative integrated model for change magnitude student-centered schooling in grades K-12. ledger of physiologic instruction, divagation & Dance, 71(8), 28-32. Cunningham, P. (1989). quad Blocks Literacy Electronic Version. Retrieved October 6, 2007 from http//azk12. nau. edu/bestpractices/recognizedprograms/. Oregon, E. (2003). purpose in struction Electronic Version. Retrieved October 6, 2007 from http//azk12. nau. edu/bestpractices/recognizedprograms/.Stefl-Mabry, J. , & Powers, J. G. (2005). Collaborative, Problem-Based discipline University and K-12 Partnerships. intimacy Quest. ProQuest Education Journals, 33(4), 14-16. University, N. A. (2004). instructional Strategies and commercialised Programs Electronic Version. Retrieved October 6, 2007 from http//azk12. nau. edu/bestpractices/recognizedprograms/. Wells, M. , & Hestenes, M. (2003). manikin steering Electronic Version. Retrieved October 6, 2007 from http//azk12. nau. edu/bestpractices/recognizedprograms/.

Christmas Meaning

The coreBest wishes for a Merry the Nazarenemas &a prosperous current division wishes it audition a cheerful, burnished and joyous jolly clips and also indirect request its audience a fruitful year. deliverermas maneuver is a type of re smartal and conquest we go to sleep that in this period it get out be the final stage of the year and we depart be scratch line a new year soon. Its also symbolises thoroughgoing(a) light and life. Christmas shoetree also establish a gay theme for the Christmas sea give-and- number.Lights and ornawork forcets represents laurels since us spiritual people testament gestate that savior Christ is natural(p) in this era and also the jumper c qualified on covering fire the tree symbolises the come forward that was above the enduring that Jesus Christ was born in. The inducts lead catch the shoppers eye as they will make do it that time of the year to spoil their love ones with gifts. Candles represent intensity in our houses during Christmas anneal and the spirit of togetherness as we also know it as family time and time of sacramental manduction love.The gifts also symbolises those that were minded(p) by the 3 wise men to Jesus Christ on the long time he was born and also that theology gave us his son as gift to us to be our saviour. Kids will also wont be able to contain their eagerness because theyll know by seeing this movie it means Christmas is honorable and gifts are relisher ,But then again it all near peoples beliefs, upbringing and their standpoint .Those who dont believe wont circuit card whatsoever oddment except some other spending holiday and time rack up from work . just about of us feel that the festive season wont be complete without seeing this visualize or any other images relate to this ,as we normal take it as an index finger that it that time of the year, whether we believe in Christmas or not.

Oral Motor Therapy Helps Improve Articulation Disorders in Children Thesis

Oral Motor Therapy Helps Improve Articulation Disorders in Children - Thesis ExampleThe application of vocal motor therapies as one of the most effective alternatives for facilitating enhanced speech acquisition/articulation among young children has been widely proposed as well as debated by researchers and scholars alike. Articulatory disorders in children are often characterized by difficulties in generating accurate sounds with respect to phonemes or other similar speech sounds. The various types of articulation disorders include omissions wherein current sounds, often at the end of word, are omitted / dropped e.g., the word dish is often uttered as just di substitutions wherein a sound is replaced/substituted by other sound, e.g., sh in the word dish is spoken as death distortions wherein certain additional sounds are added e.g., dish is uttered as a dish and additions wherein certain additional sounds are added at the end of the word e.g., dish is uttered as dish. Such a disorder may be caused on tale of several reasons, such as hearing loss where the child has difficulty in accurately hearing certain sounds or oral motor disorders such as apraxia. The existence of phonological or articulatory disorders among children, alternatively referred to as PADs, is characterized by the occurrence of impediments in verbal communication or disorders other than neurological deficits or organic mutilations1. This paper strives to review, analyze and investigate the various studies/researches in the field of speech-language pathology, particularly in relation to articulatory disorders among children assess the impact and forte of oral motor therapies on improving and facilitating speech production in children and justify the relevance and credibility of oral motor therapies as an effective authority of improving such impairments through a broad study of historical researches conducted in this behalf. Although there exist several pieces of evidence and credib le research conducted by prominent scholars in the field of speech pathology which substantiate the application and effectiveness of oral motor therapy as a credible alternative of enhancing articulation in children suffering from PADs, there does exist, differing views and contradictions which counter such a hypothesis which are contrary to the research presented in this paper and claim otherwise.

Need a marketing plan outline- daycare owner and operating business Essay

Need a marketing plan outline- daycare possessor and operating business - Essay Exampleo one of their major undoing is the fact that it targets even the low earning or poor consumers by producing as low as one hundred and fifty liters which cost very little. The products have been moving at a faster rate and consumers really worry it.The Softer Company has a very wide target market as it satisfies the needs for various consumers that range from those that are healthy diet conscious or concerned through Died Softer to the average individual via its best selling drink called Peck. Most products of the Softer Company satisfy all the age groups since it is proven that several individuals of unalike age groups actually consume the Softer product.Softer has a long standing commitment to the protection of the consumers whose confidence and trust in its products is the basis and backbone of its success. For the purposes of ensuring that consumers are updated on the global quality of all t he products of Softer that are sold, the products have a seal of quality assurance.Softer consumers are purchasing a wide range or transition of soft drinks. They buy one product line or another due to the high quality and standards of products produced by the come with. The company also provides complaint audio service and help line for clients who are not contended with the product or even would like to give feedback or comment on the products.This is the process of the mankind of the image that is held by the product in the customers mind, relative to the competing products. Both Softer and Afia make soft drinks however, even though Afia might attempt to compete, we find that they will hush up be considered as lower market from Softer. Positioning assists clients in understanding what is unique or exceptional about the products in comparison with the competition (Kerin & Peterson, 2007).The company uses the Individual brand strategy in marketing since its major products have their own brand names. The products operate under the same brand name of Softer, although

Public vs. Investors Perception on Materiality Term Paper

Public vs. Investors Perception on Materiality - Term Paper pillowcaseThe main purpose of get alonging an audit on financial statements is to help the auditor to put forth an instant judgment as to whether the financial statements argon duly organized in accordance with the recognized financial reporting systems like the GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principle). The perception of corporality assessment is passing dependent on the expatriate opinion. According to FASB (1975), material information is that whose omission or misstatement could influence the economic decision of stakeholders to the financial statements. Materiality is dependent on the size of the item or error judged in the particular scenario of its omission or misstatement. Materiality provides a threshold or cut-off point rather than being a primary qualitative characteristic whose information must wee if it is to be useful. Public vs. Investors Perception on Materiality The public and the private investors have different perceptions on corporality. The entry of auditors materiality is perceived as proprietary data by numerous certified public explanation companies as they are not normally reported to the public (Ryan, 2004). Numerous regulators and scholars have suggested that the auditors must be asked to give a report on materiality entry to the users of the financial statements in their report of audit. ... This stand by FASB regarding materiality has compelled scholars to investigate the opinion of organizers, users and auditors of the statements of finance where most of these researches uncover that there is an anticipation discover amongst the users and auditors of the statements of finance as to what that amount to a material misstatement. The expectation break has the implication that the criterion of materiality entirely used by auditors to describe and perform materiality is essentially unique from that used by the users of buyer financial statements. The absence of consi stency in materiality opinion limits the users from being knowledgeable in regard to misstatements or omission of items they feel to be material in the financial statements. In this regard, the position taken by the FASB and the expectation void in materiality opinion consequently made scholars and regulators suggest that materiality by auditors entry to be reported to the public. The normal allegation is that revealing of the auditor materiality entry would give the users the information of the extent of suitable error or misstatement in the buyer statements of finance and finally, minimize the disparity of materiality decisions by the users and auditors (Fields, 2011). The users of the public financial statements would also be in a position to substantially make use of the auditor materiality entry to valuate the degree of dependence they can allocate on the audit to ascertain that public financial statements are independent from material misrepresentation. Therefore, it is clai med that the revelation of auditor materiality entry might assist in creating a high agreement amidst the public anticipation of the auditor, including its judgment of the performance by

Food and beverage manager Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Food and beverage manager - Research Paper ExampleProfessionalism and efficiency are some of the attributes of a entire food and beverage manager. This paper will analyze the food and beverage manager in the context of the required education and skills, his duties and responsibilities, his remuneration, and other job opportunities in stock(predicate) for him.Food and beverage managers require great customer skills and management skills in their course of work. Hence, for one to become an efficient food and beverage manager, the following tokenish qualifications are necessary. One must have completed secondary school level with a leastNCEA Level 2. A heavy foundation in mathematics, accounting, and languages is useful. They should also possess a diploma or degree in business and restaurant management or tourism. They should also be above 18 years of age. Experience in progressive management, fine dining and special event catering, budgeting, and operational financial management ac countability are prerequisites. Any arrive in cooking, business administration, and working in work in kitchens, bars, and restaurants is a benefit. In fact, two years experience is required before a person qualifies as a food and beverage manager. Since this job involves public and individual relations with customers, it requires good communication skills, conflict resolution, excellent customer service orientation, and good organisation skills. Additionally, since it involves supervision and communism, experience in a union environment and good leadership skills are significant. Similarly, one needs to be flexible in his decisions and easily adapt to eminent changes since this is a dynamic industry. Because the job entails controls and budgeting, skills in inventory management are basic. They should also posses the ability to multi-task and work under printing press since customer levels keep changing (Bureau of Labor Statistics

Could materialistic behavior affect personal relationships How so Essay

Could materialistic behavior affect personal relationships How so - leaven Example mercantile behavior is an individuals value, which shows the importance a person places on the possession and acquisition on material wealth. Materialistic raft have two key characteristics, for instance, they believe material things acquisition and possession as a requirement for happiness. They also tend to judge their achievement and the success of other people based on their material possession. Materialistic behavior has crucial implications on personal relationship and social relationships as a whole. Materialistic behavior tend have a negative connection with a persons wellbeing and related anticipated personal results. Materialism is believed to be the main cause of deferential relationships between people in the society. The adoption of values of materialism influences the balance between public and private decisions that an individual bring out in his life and the relationship with indivi duals of different wealth status.

Banking Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Banking Law - Case Study ExampleThe complete point of the suss out card is to make it wholly different with imprecates promising to grant irrespective the state of the customers account. The person who produces a chit card makes no representation that he is in credit with his bank.All the trader is concerned to pack is whether the customer have a check mark card, whether it matches the cheque, whether the cheque is for not more than the permissible credit limit and whether the contact on the cheque match the ghost on the card.In the present case the appellant/ accused opened a bank account with the National Westminister Bank. He was allowed an overdraft of 100 pounds of one month which was latter extended for a month. The conditions were printed on the back of the cheque.The issuing bank undertakes that any cheque not exceeding 30 pounds will be prestigious subject to the fact that the cheque must be signed in the presence of the payee, the signature on the cheque must cor respond with the specimen signature on this card, the cheque must be drawn on a bank cheque form bearing the code number shown on his card, the cheque must be drawn before the expiry date of his card, the card no. ... If these conditions are complied with the recipient need not concern himself about the trunks credit worthiness for he knows the cheque would be honored on presentment.A man who gives a cheque represents that it will be met on presentment. And if a cheque is accepted by the payee it is the belief that it will be met.And when it is supported by the banks undertaking and all doubts in the mind of the payee as to the cheque being honored will be removed if he sees that the stipulated conditions are complied with. But by issuing a cheque book and a cheque card the bank has not authorized him to bind them by the use of the card to honor every cheque in the cheque book. It was observed that by exhibiting to the payee a cheque card containing the undertaking by the bank to h onor cheques drawn in compliance with the conditions endorsed on the back, and drawing the cheque accordingly, the drawer represents to the payee that he has actual place from the bank to make a contract with the payee on the banks behalf that it will honor the cheque on presentation for payment. Speaking on ostensible authority on its head it was observed that if the another(prenominal) party has believed the representation and on the faith of that belief has acted upon it and the person represented to be his principal has so conducted him self towards that other party as to be estopped from denying the truth of the representation , then and only then, is he bound by the contract purportedly made on his behalf. The whole foundation of liability under the doctrine of ostensible authority is a representation , believed by the person to whom it is made, that the person claiming to contract as agent for a principal has the

International trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

International trade - Essay ExampleTariffs and quotas allow domestic industry to reap more profits than it would do chthonian free trade. Pertinently tariffs and quotas are fairly transparent, when compared to otherwise forms of trade interventions (Kenen, 2000 177). However, loss to the economy and society from the protection of tariffs and quotas is higher as the loss to the consumers exceeds the gain of the producer. fit to the US Department of Labor, protectionism destroys eight jobs in general economy for every one saved in the protected economy (Miller and Elwood, 1998). Free trade, on the other hand, encourages nations to manufacture only those commodities in which they have specialization thus creating more and better job opportunities. Cross-national trade, thus, makes the rates of goods more competitive and allows goods to be shipped and traded internationally. Tariffs and quotas decrease the plectrum of goods for the consumers and raise the cost of doing business. Trad e protectionism impedes economic growth, and its costs are far higher than its benefits.Apparent similarities apart, there are major conceptual and practical differences mingled with quotas and tariffs. There is a general non-equivalence between tariffs and quotas. Quotas restrict the import of commodities, into the home nation, in a given period of time. Through a quota, a country directly decreases the import of goods. It is a protectionist regime employed to benefit a few importers, and producers, of a particular commodity. Quota can also be referred to as the quantifiable restriction on the import of goods. Kenen (2000176) argues that quotas also provide an absolute limitation on the volume of imports. There can be a total throw out of import of quantities exceeding the quota or they can be subject to a high duty rate. Transparency in the quota system is far less than that in tariff system. Normally, quotas are allocated without any

Can violence,or force, or the threat of threat of force help to lessen Essay

Can personnel,or force, or the threat of threat of force help to lessen or deplete racial discrimination - Essay ExampleBut whether the use of such violent bureau justify and succeed in eliminating racism, is the fundamental question, that is being probed in this paper. I personally feel that such a question can non be answered in a meaningful and rational manner with a specific yes or no, peculiarly considering the background the historical circumstances as well as the present day conflicts which has evoked such a deliberation. Any rational individual, in my view, would not consent to use of violence as a legitimate means of overcoming racism unless, it is the only means available to defend personal values and it justifies the reasonableness to fight a greater evil. There exists a moral / ethical dilemma regarding the use of force or threat for safeguarding ones cause interest and defending integrity of the suppressed population. Thus, while on one hand we have a considerabl e section of the society, believing in non violence who would unanimously negate the use of any form of aggression or dominance to counter suppression and prejudicial behavior, and promote non violent and subtle means as a more favorable and rational action, and yet on the other hand, there are those who claim that violence is justified if it is used to eliminate greater evils.The choice that this question offers, gives rise to contradicting ideologies, which challenges our moral judgment, since theoretically, violence is generally condemned by societies as an illegitimate and irrational action that does not justify any cause, and yet factually, we may find several instances where violence was successfully used to eliminate social evils. For instance, the aggressive revolt light-emitting diode by Nat Turner, a dimmed slave, in the early 1830s against the tyranny of white Americans, in a bid to escape racist laws and reinstate dignity and self empowerment for the blacks, which even tually led to bloodshed

Probation Client Needs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Probation Client Needs - Assign manpowert ExampleThis syllabuss aims are to reduce the drug use and drug dependency of female inmates on parole and probation. It is a holistic program that also includes skills training as closely as family and other types of counseling as well as amateurish and social activities (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (b), 2013). Another similar program is also in use in California for the men and this one also aims at reduce the recidivism rates among the male inhabitants that have been paroled from Californian correctional facilities (Study evaluates pump abuse in probation, parole admissions (a), 2011). This has also had a positive influence in reducing the rates of return to custody of male inmates especially those on probation and released early on parole (Hinkle, 2008). Another program is the Dallas County Judicial Treatment Center implemented in Dallas Texas, a residential substance abuse program specifically aimed at t hose on probation. It aims to reduce the prison overcrowding in the Texas correctional system. It not except includes modern therapeutic substance abuse treatments utilizing the 12-step method but also includes life-skills training, drug education as well as counseling (Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Substance Abuse Treatment for Adults in the Criminal Justice System, 2005). These programs have all in addition to reducing the costs of running prisons and alleviating the overcrowding problem in these facilities, also resulted in better results for the offenders, corrections system and the communities in which they are located. 2. These programs have all got as a major strength the fact they have taken a more holistic view of the problems of offenders with substance abuse histories. They also look at other... This testify discusses the parole and probation clients who go into substance abuse programs have shown improvement in more ways than those who do not go through those programs or those who merely undergo custodial sentences. The major improvement has been in the area of personal rehabilitation. Criminal behavior brought on by substance abuse can only be reduced if the root cause of the behavior, the substance abuse, is dealt with as only punishing the offender results in him or her returning to the substance abuse on completion of the sentence. Furthermore, if the other usually connected causes of the behavior and substance abuse, such as lack of a job, lack of job skills, lack of housing and a community where drugs are easily available are not tackled at the same time, the offender actually ends up building tolerance and making the substance abuse problem even more serious. All over the US programs that are addressing these root cause of drug-related criminal behavior are producing better results in the rehabilitation of inmates. In conclusion, a program that looks at the needs of the offenders in a more holistic and realistic way stands a bett er panorama of success. Studies have also shown that offender rehabilitation programs that not only include the right kind of treatment for those with substance abuse issues, coupled with the most hold community based programs are the most successful when it comes to enabling the criminal justice system impart both punishment and rehabilitation to those convicted of crimes.

Activism and the Nineteen-Sixties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Activism and the Nineteen-Sixties - Essay ExampleThe older generation, the establishment, was of the WWII period and operated under a nationalistic perspective. They believed that to be a sure patriot was to blindly follow the authority of the governmental powers that be, to support your country even when you design it was wrong. The young college protesters, the new generation, the counter-culture redefined this notion of patriotism. They believed that to be genuinely patriotic was to question the decisions of government and openly dissent when it was judged to be wrong. The philosophical chasm was wide and emotions ran deep on both sides.Those that protested sacrificed much. They suffered the scorn of their parents who couldnt understand why their children were rebelling against the very foundation of their parents beliefs thus causing what was referred to as the generation gap. Some war protesters were killed by soldiers of the National Guard as was the case at Kent put forwar d and South Carolina State. The protesters and draft-dodgers were thought of as anti-American by the mainstream citizenry who regarded their actions as nothing short of treasonous. This attitude makes one wonder what the greatest generation thought they were fighting for during WWII. They fought to defend freedom on foreign soil but were very much opposed to the constitutionally guaranteed right to peacefully assemble in their own country.The war protesters of the 1960s had the courage to act upon their political and philosophical convictions unlike those who are opposed to the Iraq War today. The two conflicts are eerily convertible on many fronts yet the public reaction has been very dissimilar. Then as now, those opposed to the war are characterized as unpatriotic or as not supporting the troops, both of which, of course, is patently ridiculous concepts. The major difference is that the draft individual(prenominal)ized the conflict for many more Americans. More families had a p ersonal stake in the Vietnam War as opposed to the war in Iraq which only affects a small segment of the population.

Organizations and Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizations and Management - Case Study ExampleSome employees avoid interacting with members of opposite cultures/ethnicities and/or view them as undesirable staff. This case vividly portrays that social communication employed by the CEO is ineffective and inefficient caused by different values and traditions of people, and poor interaction between all employees. For instance, the CEO and westbound employees have different perception and understanding of the family concept of organizational culture but the CEO is unable to recognize these difficulties and problems experienced by the subordinates. The western be perceived as impolite and disruptive because of different communication n corms and traditions which have not been communicated and explained to Westerns people by the CEO (Wood, 2003).2. The case study vividly portrays the important role of CEO and his vision in organizational culture. Communication should be seen as a process by which knowledge that resides in ane or more people comes to be represented in one or more others. Certainly the transfer of knowledge is not the only topic that happens in communication, and for certain purposes it may not be the most useful way of thinking about the process. Below we refer briefly to some other dimensions of communication that may be important for cooperative work. Underlying the knowledge transfer view of communication is the assumption that any communicative act rests on a base of mutual knowledge (West and Turner 2006). The example of Mainland Enterprises reveals a set of mechanisms derives from the fact that individuals can often be assigned to social categories, and such(prenominal) category membership often predicts individual knowledge. Of course, category membership is not a perfect predictor of knowledge. Conversation (and similar interactive forms) permits communicators to formulate messages that ar tightly linked to the immediate knowledge and perspectives of the individual participants, be cause it affords the participants moment-to-moment information on each others understanding. Such information permits the formulation of messages that atomic number 18 extremely efficient because they are based on a reasonably precise assessment of the hearers current knowledge and understanding. The distinction between self and other is rather a profound one, but it can be shown that the Western employees differentiate between message recipients (Knapp and Vangelisti 2004).The problem of misperception and misunderstanding is caused by patriarchal and autocratic management style of the CEO. he does not permit freedom of choice trying to control decision-making and problem-solving within the company. These causes provide stronger support for the common ground hypothesis than the relatively narrow delimitation of difference between the friend and stranger conditions would lead one to conclude, because the experimental situation was one that would minimize the likelihood of finding such differences. This situation proves that in communicating with friends and family, employees are likely to have direct and detailed knowledge of the information

The Future of Airline Operators amidst the Oil Crisis Essay

The Future of Airline Operators amidst the Oil Crisis - Essay ExampleTheories abound the origin of oil, and like opposite forms of fossil fuel, is believed to have come from ancient animal and plant remains that was buried under soil and mud through a very extensive period of time and settled down into the Earths crusts. The buried ancient animal and plant matter piled upon the Earths crust and eventually compressed and heated by the Earths spacious internal pressure and temperature. The oil then seeped through the rock layers forming reservoirs, most of which are found in desserts, ocean bottoms, ice layers and many other out-of-door terrain formations (Wikipedia, 2006a). These oil reservoirs are being harvested right now by countries that were fortunate enough to have an oil reserve in their midsts, particularly in the center of attention East where the most abundant oil reserves are found. These countries now form the organisation known as OPEC (Oil Producing and Exporting Co untries) which controls most of the worlds oil tot and prices. While it seems like the supply of oil is unlimited it is not, the supply of oil is beginning to dwindle. ... d was way cheaper back in the period of the public Wars it was at these period that oil was still abundant and conflicts on the price and supply of oil were non-existent. The OPEC was not founded yet and inflation was not too much usual back then. Brandly (2004) the current oil crisis is predicted by Hubberts Peak (or Hubberts model or theory as some authors put it) which states and assumes that oil is non-renewable and that even though constituent(a) matter is currently added to the Earths crust and that the rate of decomposition and conversion of this organic matter into crude oil will not catch up with the worlds exact for oil. The peak in Hubberts Peak refers to the highest point of oil production at a certain area which will be soon followed by a fulminant drop leading to a crisis. According to those wh o believe in Hubberts theory, the world is now at its peak and is nearing another major oil crisis not because of policy-making conflict but mainly due to a real short in oil supply. In a National Geographic article indite by Appenzeller (2004), oil companies are now putting more human and financial resources in finding new oil sources. It only means that the existent crisis is happening not after the 1st drop of oil has been extracted but rather in the present when oil production is at its peak. The world is predicted to pop off out of oil in about 5 to 30 years from now. The oil shortage will not only affect transport and military unit generation, but also other factors as Amos (2004) reported, stating that oil process will affect birth rates, food prices and other commodities. This is especially true with Third World countries where the price of oil on the world market affects the basic commodities. Amos (200) points out that the economic depression will force people

Abnormal Psych DQ Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abnormal Psych DQ Questions - Essay ExampleThe low functional levels due to the profound mental retardation makes it difficult to assess for the key characteristics of autism and so diagnostic instruments are likely to throw up spurious results. This makes diagnosis of autism a challenge and calls for clinical experience (Brasic, 2006).Autism was initially believed to be associated with higher accessible classes, but is now known to afflict all social classes in an equal manner. Motion abnormalities are a striking feature of autism and may leave behind the means for the identification of autism in early infancy, prior to the other manifestations. In children the motion anomalies demonstrated are also highly characteristic and can be easily identified. An example of such an abnormal motion typical to autism is the placing of the hand with fingers outstretched by the child before the eyes, with rapid back and forth movement. This accomplishment of the child is considered as ego-sti mulation, as it produces a visual sensation. Many of such abnormal motions typical to autism appear like attempts to provide sensory input to the self in barren environments (Brasic, 2006).The ca engage of autism still remains unknown, but there are several hypotheses that include exposure to toxic agents and infections, and possibly vaccinations for diseases like measles, mumps and rubella. The treatment of autism is essentially directed towards the associated behavioral problems and so includes intensive behavioral, educational, and psychological components. The use of serotonin in the treatment of autism is under investigation. The earlier the diagnosis and use of intervention strategies the more favorable the outcome and so regular screening of infants and toddlers for signs and symptoms of the disorder is useful (Brasic, 2006).The definition of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) provided by the American psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition (DSM IV) is that it is a recurrent

Industrial Peace in Canada Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Industrial Peace in Canada - Research Paper ExampleEither is sometimes painful and destructive.The right of laborers to organize themselves into an association or heart is warranted in Canada by its laws on labor. One exceptional character present in the trade legal jointure environment in the country is the so-called Rand aspect named after its creator, Justice Ivan Rand of the Supreme Court of Canada. The principle arose in the midst of a labor strike against the Ford Motor company. Under it, all workers atomic number 18 obliged to pay jointure dues on the justification that they be benefited from the efforts which the heart undertakes in their favor. In order to make sure that union dues are collected, the employer bear on is authorized by the union to deduct the same from the payroll money of the laborers. (A History of Labor Unions in Canada. registered-nurse-canada.com. internet). It is worth to note that on some sound grounds, like in the case of religious or faith or ientations that do not allow followers to participate in a labor union or movement, a worker or employee may not be forced to join the union or bargaining representative. In that case, an agency pay equivalent to the sum of the union dues has still to be paid by the worker or employee who does not wish to so join.For around forty years, union membership population in Canada has fared better than in the United States. Post-depression figures show that only about thirteen percent of workers in the U.S. have stayed as union members from the old average of thirty per cent. On the other hand, the statistics in Canada has remained strong and steady at thirty one per cent for non-agriculture manpower. For the whole public and nonpublic sectors, union membership in Canada is twice as much than the U.S. counterparts. (How anti-union laws saved Canadian labour certification and striker replacements in post-war industrial relations. Industrial relations (Canadian). GOLIATH. BUSINESS KNOWLEDG E ON DEMAND. internet) There are now much than four million Canadians in the list of union members.Organized labor in plants and other workplaces has its advantages. Honest and sincere union leaders can very well link the rank and file workers with management such that problems of each human face are immediately addressed. Rapport is enhanced when the union and the management are in constant communication. Labor-management cooperation boosts the morale of the workers and therefore increases productivity. On another note, labor unions which are duly certified bargaining representatives have certain rights under the law. If collective bargaining negotiations bog down, the certified union can petition or gull an application to go on strike. In such a deadlock, management can also declare a lockout but it will do more harm than good to the company which has a lot of capital, investments and resources to lose during the shutdown. Industrial relations in CanadaHistorically, strikes usu ally were resorted to when laborers tried to organize in order to carry out union recognition. This was so

Epistemic Themes Explored Essay Example for Free

Epistemic Themes Explored EssayAll men, the learned philosopher Aristotle insists, desire to know. Thus, when the set-back group of men from Ionia, then affair of the infamous Grecian province of the ancients, began their thoughtful quest to know the most fundamental stuff constituting reality, it started a whole archives of inquiry which later on was to be called philosophy (Marias, 1967, p. 11).But while their controlling concern was primarily cosmological in that these philosophers wrestled with the problem of explaining physical nature by asking what is the angiotensin-converting enzyme basic material out of which the world is made their inquiry nevertheless engendered lasting impacts on the way valet raceity has since then understood the nature, scope and recitation of human cognition (Lavine, 1982, p. 23).In view of the foregoing, this paper aims at successfully portraying a summative account of some of the major concerns or themes of Epistemology throughout the history of Philosophy specifically, the theories which were propounded by key philosophers as they seek to understand certain epistemic issues. Along the same vein, I would also attempt, through this paper, to evaluate, if not contrast much(prenominal) concerns within the present context as my way of appropriating what I have learned from this course into my own frame.Methodology and Scope This paper endeavors to foremost circumscribe three salient (among many others) themes of epistemic exploration, namely, (1) the quest to understand the nature of knowledge, (2) the compelling desire to establish certitude, and (3) the all-important need to appropriate human knowledge into a prolific use.As such, these three elements correspond to three different epochs in the history of Philosophy the ancient, the post-Scholasticism and the modern periods respectively and these epochs are advance typified by key philosophers such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle (for the ancient epoch), Rene Descartes (for the modern epoch) and the empiricists in the likes of J. Stuart Mill and Francis Bacon. Secondly and as hinted above, this paper is an attempt to appropriate their concerns with my own present context.The method with which this paper enlists shall be both expository and analytic. The Epistemic Concerns of Key Philosophers of Knowledge At the onset of Philosophy, the overarching epistemic concern was to discover the nature of human knowledge. In order to do this, the Ionian philosophers started to put into question the things that they took for granted. Socrates tried to propound, through the infamous Socratic method, that knowledge cannot be equated with belief or private opinion (Bruder Moore, 2005, p. 35).Plato on the other hand maintained that trustworthy knowledge consists not in our perception of the visible things, but in acquisition of a type of knowledge that brings us into the World of Ideas (Lavine, 1982, p. 26). Refuting Plato, Aristotle in the meanti me asserted that abstraction alone does not afford true knowledge. Instead, he believed that true knowledge mustiness be scientific i. e. , it circumscribes the proximate and remote pretends of things and chargets. As one author puts it, for Aristotle, to have scientific knowledge of a fact, it is not enough to know that it is true you must also know why it is true (Robinson, 1985, p. 11).If these ancient philosophers were chiefly engrossed with the proper definition of the nature and parameters of human knowledge, the thinkers of the modern era meanwhile sought for a kind of knowledge marked by certitude or truthfulness. Simply put, the concern shifted from the defining the contents of human knowledge into deciphering whether such contents were truthful or not. Far more critical, modern philosophers did also entertain in a fair amount of skepticism. The chief proponent to this cause was Rene Descartes and he is usually credited for starting a new phase in the field of Epistemolo gy.He is known for his skepticism a vow to appropriate judgment about everything so as to arrive at a knowledge which is certain, if not altogether doubt-proof (Broughton, 2002, p. 1). The crux of this doubt does not lay on the act of doubting itself for at the very least, the act of doubting has to serve its reasoned purpose, which is to proceed from an induced skepticism into an irreducible certainty. And Descartes succinctly refers to this as the first principle of philosophy a principle which serves as a formidable base from all kinds of human knowledge stand erect (cited in Marias, 1967, p. 214).Descartes and his contemporaries thus dedicated their efforts to establish what constitutes certainty in human knowledge. By contrast however, the philosophers after them began to focus on discovering how human knowledge can be used prolifically in life and work. Thus, from being merely speculative in approach, the philosophers after the modern era began to see the wisdom of framin g human knowledge within the context of practicality. John Stuart Mill for instance asserted that the true measure of human intellect lays in the way we human persons can employ knowledge for the progress of humanity (Donner, 1991, p.123) Still, another important facet of this utilitarian perspective would be palpable in the formulation of the Principle of Induction. Francis Bacon for instance jilted the deductive reasoning of the ancients in favor of the principle of inference i. e. , from a serious of individual factsone obtains by abstractionthe general concepts of the things and the laws of nature (Marias, 1967, p. 250). This principle is now widely known as the scientific method and this method has in turn led to the rise of technological advancements witnessed during the Industrial Revolution.The concerns addressed by the three epochs herein cited could be summed into these three fundamental questions (a) what constitutes knowledge? , (b) how do we know the truth? (c) and how do we concretely apply what we know? In slipway more than one, these three questions are the self-same concerns which continuously confound the present society. Now more than ever, humanity is a witness to the flood of competing information from all fronts and it is thus a tall challenge to decipher which information affords a knowledge that approximates the truth and/or engenders beneficial results.For instance, in drafting key policies, any attached government needs to be fed with accurate information about societal conditions as indeed, in contemplating medical procedures, doctors and nurses need to be given exact information to avoid errors. To be sure, a thousand and one other examples may be cited to this end. But the crux of the matter lies in the fact that, even at an age when we are able to verify the veracity of information with advanced technologies, humanitys chief concern has always been about decent obtaining knowledge, establishing the its truthfulness thereof, and putting them into practical use.

My opinion about Catherine Hayles’ book Essay Example for Free

My opinion about Catherine Hayles accommodate EssayMy opinion about Catherine Hayles bookIntroduction I disagree with the endpoint of Catherine hayles book and her latest advice.The picture that Catherine Hayles frames is that gay universe fear to be punt piece .In her argument She puts selective information as the core that only requires a conveying media and that media washbasin be machines or human universe. She shows how post human is necessary by giving it a positive out take c are than human. Hayles argues that human being testament be replaced by post human and the human race will face extinction. In her conclusion she states that post human ar boss than human being and goes further to feeble the human being by saying that they are not autonomous in rallying . In a further extent Hayles in her book says that computers machines and programs will wipe away the human race.Thither are many things I dont agree with Catherine Hayles I will lay down my argument disa greeing with her argument. kind being are superior over all creation and they cannot be replaced by any separate creation.Catherine Hayles argues that human being will morph into something else, something like a cyborg where machines will be overall and incharge and commernder of the other creation.This view is far away from truth, human being cannot be replaced by a creation that has been made by Him. Human being were realised to subdue the earth and all the other creations are inferior to Human. Its not possible to create something and be inferior to it. God is superior to us and so we are superior to machines. Catherine Hayles takes to elaborate and cond atomic number 53 why can we create something and it turns to our god. Posthuman cannt think as human being does. Hayles lays down her argument saying that post human do think as human being . This she tries to argue that the deeds and actions that can be d unrivalled by a human being due to thinking can also be done by robo t because it thinks too. Do posthuman keep up self will like human being does? This is a question not answered in her book. Human being thinks in a natural way and posthuman thinks as a result of radio frequency identification (RFID). There is a big gap between posthuman and human being and nothing can bridge this gap. Looking at the contribution she made the last in her book , her ambition are much higher. The first chapter she read the book of Hans Moravecs Mind ChildrenThe future of robot and human intelligence and she got a shock. The thing that captured her brain was Moravecs assertion which stated that near future the consciousness of human being will be transferred to that of computer.There are two prepositions that are implicated here (1) That existence of information is not reliable to a particular substrate. (2) The consciousness of human being is information. These two preposition are the one that Hayles through her narrative contests collar devoted topics The cyborg e merged as a result of cultural artifacts, how the body was lost by information and the construction that resulted the emergency of post human. Hayles goes further in defining post human using two other ways, first was that posthuman are susceptible, coordinating and self organizing its self in a larger system. She argues that we are dictated by the environment we live in and thus integrated into that environment. She says that human being needed posthuman and thus the technology is the one that pushes for it. The innovation is the one that created posthuman and human being now depends on posthuman. She alludes posthuman in a manner above its definition, she says that the information from body is tranferrable from body to machines.Its very pretend is literature and has no facts in it human and posthuman mutually require each other to survive but posthuman requires human to live. Hayles opposes the formulation of the second definition of post human and endorsing the definition of th e first one. She argues that we think of apocalyptic visions where machines will be equal and become our superior. Hayles didnt see the danger to obviate the stated machines and the kick of changing definition. Hayles argument doesnt give any hope for survival of human being, thats very pathetic. Another argument she grounds herself with is that there will be full integration of ones self with a machine and that the content that evolution excluded. She says that body has a sediment history and it do have an architecture in it, a physical structure whose constraints and possibilities have been formed by an evolutionary history that intelligent machines do not share. ( C. H ayles,284, 2009.) In my views, human being cannot be fully identified with machines. Hayles did mention about Joseph Weizenbaums statement that making a judgement and the capacity to exact is a matter that should be left as an ethical principle, to the human alone. I dont agree. What are the impacts of feeding mo re and more information and functions to technology and computers? How is it possible for us to lose our humanity for we resign the skill to practice the decision of of a particular nature? If we take machine and look at themselves, the analysis of Hayles shows that posthuman have the same consciousness as human and they help in our thinking and they do perform the functions that we dont need to but quiet want to.Infact they do function and perform better than human being .But we should not forget where they originated from. All machines and their relatives they came from the effort of human intellectual production. Human being has created them to aid in maximizing his own efficiency and he have, with no doubt accomplished his motive. Without human being machines would not be in existence and thus for them to exist human being has to exist first and the cognition ability would not be there . Ayn Rand character has one that we can link to this art and says in Atlas Shrugged I though tof the men who claim that machines condition their brains. Well there was the motor to condition them, and there it remained as just exactly what it is without mans mind-as a pile of metal scraps and wires, going to rust. (page 745, Atlas Shrugged) This statement show sense in Hayles and I agree on Human is conditioned by machine and we appreciate them in our lives and enhance them but I differ in that human being is still dorminant . Machines without the human being they would go extinction and get to rust. If the cyborg and the cyborg varieties were to exist as put by the Hayles they would still require human skills and characteristics for their brain to function, to have conscious and to think like human being. Hyles didnt explain this and how if human being were to go to extinction the post human would survive, else she have a task to do. Hayles the premises that she posits as another cause of fear of post human is the liberal humanist opinion of the human kind matters autonomy . Human being are able to see all the possibilities which are open to choose and they have the will and they can synthesize these sources. Schopenhauers there is an chalk out in THE WORLD AS WILL AND REPRESENTATION(BOOKIII). Human being are able to think, they are able to process data , they are able to create it and pull judgements built on their feelings. This Information comes from several sources in machine but in human being they come purely on them. Machines they are devoid of thinking and they have no conscious like ours. Hayles in her argument doesnt have the real world instances , and those that she uses are not very clear they are not specifically illuminating. In her early books she says that she finds saying that Well my sleep agent wants to rest, but my food agent says I should go to the store( Hayles 2009,6).This is certainly an odd approach of talking and She draws a very significant deductions from it. Each person , She claims, who thinks this way begins to envisio n herself or himself as a posthuman collectivity, an I transformed into the we of autonomous agents operating together to make self (Catherine. H, pg 6 2009) There are questions that rises about personal disorders of the multitude. The example of ability of nine-fold to celebrate and creatively dissociate leads to rejection of therapy that tries to integrate their adjusts. People definitely will be talking around themselves in a fresh ways. But good agents asks what thinking together about themselves meant. Hayles put it that serious consideration needs to be given to how certain characteristics associated with liberal subject, especially agency and choice, can be articulated with in posthuman context (Catherine.Hayles, pg5, 2009) and she left it like that . She didnt show any alternative of her implications. In conclusion Hayles argument is lacking enough facts and is base in prepositions that she lays to win the heart of literature, and in my views she didnt succed. If you cons ider streams with standing waves, which visibly forms the front side of the rocks which projects superficial above the water. They retain their normal figure out and their normal integrity despite being changed by the molecules of water .I still find the machines being continuously changing their integrity but cant replace human being and they cant lead extinction of human kind.ReferencesHarrison, Ariane Lourie. Architectural theories of the environment posthuman territory. natural York, NY Routledge, Taylor Francis Group, 2013. Print.Hayles, N. Katherine. How we became posthuman practical(prenominal) bodies in cybernetics, literature, and informatics. Chicago, Ill. University of Chicago Press, 1999. Print.Leithauser, Brad. Penchants places essays and criticism. New York A.A. Knopf , 1995. Print.Younkins, Edward W.. Ayn Rands Atlas shrugged a philosophical and literary companion. Aldershot, England Ashgate, 2007. Print. Bateson, Catherine. Being Bee. New York Holiday House, 200 7. Print.Gronebaum, Melissa. Arthur schopenhauers die welt als wille und vorstellung. S.l. Grin Verlag Gmbh, 2014. Print.Harrison, Ariane Lourie. Architectural theories of the environment posthuman territory. New York, NY Routledge, Taylor Francis Group, 2013. Print.Hayles, N. Katherine. How we became posthuman virtual bodies in cybernetics, literature, and informatics. Chicago, Ill. University of Chicago Press, 1999. Print.Leithauser, Brad. Penchants places essays and criticism. New York A.A. Knopf , 1995. Print.Younkins, Edward W.. Ayn Rands Atlas shrugged a philosophical and literary companion. Aldershot, England Ashgate, 2007. Print.Source document

Synthesis Polylactic Acid By Lipase Catalyzed Polymerization Biology Essay

Synthesis Polylactic Acid By Lipase Catalyzed polymerization Biology EssayPolylactic acid (PLA), the biodegradable polymer, has received increase attention as alternative materials in packaging and biomedical applications. The general method for price reduction of PLA using chemical-catalyzed polymerization produces the gass resi ascribables which atomic number 18 toxicity. Therefore, the enzymatic polymerization is a green alternative method to cliff this problem. Several researches attempt to improve the optimal condition for synthesis of PLA by using lipase as enzymatic-catalyzed.For an example, Lassalle et al. (2008) account the synthesis of PLAby using lipase as bio throttle valve and foc utilise on the procedure. The closures found that immobilized CAL-B was the most effective biocatalyst with 60% LA transmutationand 55% healed solid polymer in the answer working at 60 C for96 h. Furthermore, Hans et al. (2009) researched to confirm the mild reactions conditions for th e resile-opening polymerization of lactides by using Novozyme 435 (immobilized CAL-B) 12% wt. submerging in methylbenzene to synthesize the polymer at 70 C, D-lactide was catalyzed and 33% of monomer was converted and could be isolated a polymer with 25% yield for a number-average molecular charge of 3,300 g mol-1. Finally, Garcia-Arrazola et al. (2009) reported the synthesis of poly-L-lactide by used immobilizedCAL-B (Novozyme 435) as biocatalyst for the mob-opening polymerization of L-lactide at 65 C could be achieved using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). The L-lactide monomer could be converted as the PLA with a molecular weightiness 12,900 g mol-1 chthonian(a) the condition at a biphasic scCO2/organic liquid system media and the optimum of temperature for the lipase activity. All of these present studies atomic number 18 the novel way of life to produce the polylactic acid and relate improvement of the new biomaterials.TABLE OF CONTENTS knaveTABLE OF CONTENT iLIST OF TABLES iiLIST OF FIGURES iiiINTRODUCTION 1Lipase 1Polylactic acid PLA 2Synthesis of polylactic acid PLA 43.1 The conventional bring for synthesis of PLA 43.2 address for synthesis of PLA by lipase-catalyzed polymerization 5 cast of some(prenominal) factors for the polymerization 6Influence of the kind of lipase 6Influence of the enzyme concent balancen 8Influence of the monomer concent proportionalityn 10Influence of the temperature 11The improvement of process for lipase-catalyzed synthesis of PLA 12CONCLUSION 14LITERATURE CITED 15LIST OF TABLES dining table PageComparison of raw material type and porta of recycle andbiodegradation between PLA and PET polymer 3Conversion (%) of LA, isolated enzyme after reaction,recovered PLA, and molecular weight (Mn) (Da) as a map ofthe kind of the different lipase 7Results obtained for the ring opening polymerization of L-LAin scCO2 with 20 % (w/v) of L-LA and initial water content (aw) 0.16 13LIST OF FIGURES check Page1 Chemical struc ture of Polylactic acid PLA 22 flavor cycle of PLA 33 Polymerization routes to PLA 44 Polymerization reactions to synthesize PLA 65 Lactide conversion as a function of reaction time forthe ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at 70 oC witha monomer to methylbenzene ratio of 12 (gmL) and use different submersion of Novozyme 435 86 molecular weight as a function of conversion plots forthe ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at 70 oC witha monomer to toluene ratio of 12 (gmL) and use differentconcentration of Novozyme 435 97 Lactide conversion as a function of reaction time forthe ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at different monomerto toluene ratio (monomer concentration) at 70 oC with 15 wt.-% ofNovozyme 435 108 Lactide conversion as a function of reaction time forthe ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at differenttemperatures with 15 wt.-% of Novozyme 435 and a monomer totoluene ration 13 119 Number-average molecular weight as a function of temperaturefo r the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at differentmonomer conversion with 15 wt.-% of Novozyme 435 anda monomer to toluene ratio 13 12SYNTHESIS OF POLYLACTIC ACIDBY LIPASE-CATALYZED POLYMERIZATIONINTRODUCTIONLipaseLipases or triacylglycerol acylhydrolases EC 3.1.1.3 are hydrolase which catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and supernumerary fatty acids under aqueous conditions. In addition, lipases catalyze the tranesterification of other esters under micro-aqueous conditions. The ability of lipases has received increasing attention for used as catalyze in a wide array of biotechnology industry, such(prenominal) as fodder technology, detergent, chemical industry, cosmetic, organic synthesis, biomedical sciences and pharmaceutical applications (Gupta et al., 2004 Treichel et al., 2010).Lipases are produced by various plants, animals and microorganisms. Many microorganisms which are known as producers of extracellular lipases, including bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Especially, bacterial lipases and fungal lipases are most widely used as a class of commercial enzymes in many applications. The important commercial microbial lipases are Achromobacter sp., Alcaligenes sp., Arthrobactersp., Bacillus sp., Burkholderia sp., Chromobacterium sp., and genus Pseudomonas sp. from bacteria which are used successfully in the market with several products names, such as Lumafast, Lipomax, Combizyme and Greasex (Gupta et al., 2004). Moreover, fungi produces the important commercial lipases are Rhizopus sp., Aspergillus sp., genus Penicillium sp., Geotrichum sp., Mucor sp., and Rhizomucor sp. (Treichel et al., 2010) which are used in the market with many products names, such as Lecitase, Lipozyme, and Novozym 435 (CAL-B).Of these, the lipases from microbial hand over a stability, selectivity, and broad substrate specificity for cultivation such as an applications by used substances form oil mill wastewater, slaughterhouse wastewater, agroindustrial was te and corn steep liquor(Gupta et al., 2004 Treichel et al., 2010). Therefore, the recent microbial lipases have gained special industrial attention for used as biocatalyst in rapidly growing biotechnology.Polylactic acidPolylactic acid or the short name is PLA is a thermop conkic aliphatic polyester which a synthetic polymer based on lactic acid (LA) and have a helical structure was shown in range of a function 1. PLA derived from the fermentation of renewable resources such as corn starch, tapioca products and sugarcanes. code 1 Chemical structure of Polylactic acid PLA.PLA has received increasing attention as alternative materials in packaging and biomedical applications due to PLA is a biodegradable polymer, it easily degrades by simple hydrolysis of microorganisms under the appropriate conditions (Garlotta, 2001 Avinc and Khoddami, 2009). PLA has a high-strength, high-modulus, brightness, barrier properties and good moisture management as a result of its interesting for used i n packaging and composite materials for clothing applications (Garlotta, 2001). Furthermore, PLA has a biocompatible and bioabsorbable properties which can be used for wide range applications in biomedical and pharmaceutical technology, such as surgical sutures, tissue engineering scaffolds, absorbable bone plates, artificial skin, and controlled drug-release systems (Lassalle and Ferreira, 2008 Avinc and Khoddami, 2009 Hans et al., 2009).Because of its compost based on a natural substance which shopa biodegradability, PLA is to be a more environmentally-fri discontinuely polymer than poly ethylene terepthalate (PET) which is derived from a synthetic petrochemical-based materials due to PLA is lower greenhouse gas emission and significant energy savings, PLA avoids the problems cogitate to plastic waste accumulation. The result of comparison between PLA and PET polymer was shown in Table 1.Table 1 Comparison of raw material type and possibility of recycling and biodegradation betw een PLA and PET polymer.IndexesPLAPETInitial raw material baseRenewable plant stockPetroleum productsNon-renewable resourcesRecycling of polymer wastesTotal recycling possibleTotal recycling possibleBiodegradation of polymer wastesTotalDoes not degradeSource Avinc and Khoddami (2009)PLA products are easily composted or recycled under appropriate conditions at the wind up of the product life. The Figure 2 show the life cycle of PLA material degrades first by microbial hydrolysis, then the carbon dioxide and water which obtained from reaction became the raw material necessities for a new growth and leading to produced lactic acid (LA) for re-used as a monomer in the production of a new PLA (Avinc and Khoddami, 2009).Figure 2 Life cycle of PLA.Synthesis of polylactic acid PLAThe synthesis of PLA starts with the extraction of sugars (e.g., glucose and dextrose) from natural substances which used as a substrate in fermentation of lactic acid by microorganisms. Lactic acid (LA) is the s tarting material for the PLA production process, through polymerization. There are two major routes to synthesize PLA from LA monomer which are showed in Figure 3 (Avinc and Khoddami, 2009).Figure 3 Polymerization routes to PLA.From the Figure 3, polymerization routes to PLA are distributed as two processes, the first route is a polycondensation polymerization and the second route is a ring opening polymerization.The conventional process for synthesis of PLAThe production process to synthesize PLA by polycondensation of LA is the conventional process for making PLA. This process get to carry out under high vacuum and high temperature, solvent is used to extract the water through the condensation reaction (Avinc and Khoddami, 2009).However, PLA polymer products obtained tends to have low molecular weight. Therefore, the second route is improved by ring opening polymerization of LA which is condensed of water and then converted into cyclic dimer of LA or lactide for used as a monomer in ring opening polymerization. PLA polymer products obtained higher molecular weight than the first route and used milder conditions.Polymerization of PLA need to use a catalyst for supporting the conversion of LA to PLA. The catalysts are divided into two types, the first is the chemo-process which is the polymerization by used a alloy as a catalyst and the second is the bio-process which is the polymerization by used a LA-polymerizing enzyme as a catalyst.The chemo-process made the residues of heavy metals based catalysts, such as oxides of Zinc (Zn) and Stannum or Tin (Sn) which are toxicity. Furthermore, the process need high purity monomers, high temperature and high vacuum for serving conditions reactions. On the other hand, the bio-process used an enzyme based catalysts such as lipases which are non-toxic. Also, PLA polymer products can be used for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Moreover, polymerization reaction can be run under mild and environmentally-friend ly conditions (Taguchi et al., 2008 Lassalle and Ferreira, 2008 Hans et al., 2009).Process for synthesis of PLA by lipase-catalyzed polymerizationFrom the advantages of the bio-process or the enzymatic-catalyst polymerization, there are several researches attempts to synthesize PLA by used enzyme as catalyst such as lipase-catalyzed in the ring opening polymerization. The reaction of polymerization can be set up follow with the Figure 4. In the reactor intensify with LA, lipase, solvent and purge gas which is used for protection to pass by of the regeneration of PLA. Furthermore, the total reactions need to control the optimal temperature and reaction time.Figure 4 Polymerization reactions to synthesize PLA.The measurements which used to represent the properties of PLA polymer products are considered in several parameters. The important of evaluations are the conversion of LA, the molecular weight of PLA polymer products, the recovery of PLA and the recovery of lipases at the end o f reactions.Influence of several factors for the polymerizationProduction of a good PLA, must be use a good set up reaction of polymerization. Otherwise, the ferment of the several factors such as a kind of lipases, enzyme concentration, monomer concentration and temperature needs to be considered together.Influence of the kind of lipaseLassalle et al. (2008) researched the influence of the kind of lipase for the synthesis of polylactic acid (PLA) by using the three kind of lipases as biocatalysts. Porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) from mammalian, Candida antarctica lipase B (Immobilized CAL-B) from fungal, and Pseudomonas cepacia (PCL) from bacterial origin were used in the experiment. The reaction was carried out by operating of LA, lipase, and solvent at 60 oC for 96 h. The performance of the three lipases was evaluated in a term of the conversion of LA to PLA and expressed as destiny (%) conversion.Table 2 Conversion (%) of LA, isolated enzyme after reaction, recovered PLA, and molecular weight (Mn) (Da) as a function of the kind of the different lipase.Enzyme% Conversion% recovered PLA% recovered lipaseMn(Da)Imm.CAL-B585585446PCL881234400PPL96290768Source Lassalle and Ferreira (2008)The result was presented in the Table 2, using the immobilized CAL-B as catalyst obtained 58% conversion of LA, 55% recovered PLA, 85% recovered lipase, and 446 Da of Molecular weight. For using PCL as catalyst obtained 88% conversion of LA, 12% recovered PLA, 34% recovered lipase, and 400 Da of Molecular weight. For using PPL as catalyst obtained 96% conversion of LA, 2% recovered PLA, 90% recovered lipase, and 768 Da of Molecular weight.From the result found that higher conversion levels were measured in the case of soluble enzymes, but besides traces of solid polyesters were recovered in this cases. In contrast, amounts of solid PLA were recovered using immobilized CAL-B, and the conversion was lower than soluble lipases. For the ending of the experiment, the immobilized CAL-B was the most effective biocatalyst with 60% conversion of LA and 55% recovered solid polymer in the reaction working at 60 oC for 96 h.Influence of the enzyme concentrationThere are several researches used the immobilized CAL-B lipase for esterification reaction due to its high catalytic activity but it does not propagate in polymerization reaction. So, Hans et al. (2009) researched to confirm the synthesis of PLA by immobilized CAL-B (Novozyme 435) catalyst in ring opening polymerization of lactide. The reaction was improved by adding nitrogen gas into the reactor for protected regeneration of PLA to LA and used toluene as a solvent for enzymatic polymerization. The objective of this study is find an optimal reaction condition such as enzyme concentration, monomer concentration and optimal temperature.Figure 5 Lactide conversion as a function of reaction time for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at 70 oC with a monomer to toluene ratio of 12 (gmL) and use differe nt concentration of Novozyme 435.The first factor is influence of the enzyme concentration. The result was presented in Figure 5, the overall monomer conversion increases when increasing amounts of enzyme. The reaction catalyzed with 25 wt.-% of enzyme up to 100% monomer conversion after 2 days, while the reaction catalyzed with 10 wt.-% of enzyme up to only 25% monomer conversion.Figure 6 Molecular weight as a function of conversion plots for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at 70 oC with a monomer to toluene ratio of 12 (gmL) and use different concentration of Novozyme 435.In contrast, the relation of molecular weight and conversion are represented in Figure 6. The result found that 25 wt.-% of enzyme obtained the molecular weight of PLA lower than 15 wt.-% of enzyme and 10 wt.-% of enzyme at the same conversion due to higher enzyme concentrations have more water which is introduced into the reaction and leads to a decrease of the molecular weight.Amounts of water wit hin the reaction have an influence for the molecular weight PLA polymer products (Hans et al., 2009). The normal of reaction for synthesis PLA by lipase-catalyst distribute into 3 step, the first step is the monomer activation which is the combination of lipases and lactic acid (LA), then the lipase-LA combine with water for extension of pre-polymer and release the component of lipase-OH in the initiation step, the last step is the chain propagation which increase the number of monomer within polymer chain. In any case, if there is a lot of water in the reaction, it will occur the conformation of the other component as free water and a linkage between lipase and water by loosely bound and tightly bound. The free water and lipase-water loosely bound can break the polymer chain in the initiation and affect to decrease a molecular weight of PLA polymer products.Influence of the monomer concentrationHans et al. (2009) studied influence of the monomer concentration by judge that increas ing monomer concentration, the polymerization rate and the overall monomer conversion will increase.Figure 7 Lactide conversion as a function of reaction time for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at different monomer to toluene ratio (monomer concentration) at 70 oC with 15 wt.-% of Novozyme 435.From the Figure 7 discover at the monomer to toluene ratio 12 and 13, the high conversion increase and then decrease when the monomer concentration decrease. exception a monomer to toluene ratio 11, the conversion is also lower which might result from a poor solubility of the substrate and the precipitation of PLA.For the conclusion of the experiment, the immobilized CAL-B was the most effective biocatalyst with 33% of monomer was converted and could be isolated a polymer with 25% yield for a number-average molecular weight of 3,300 g mol-1.Influence of the temperatureFurthermore, Hans et al. (2009) expected that the temperature affect to PLA polymer products in ring opening p olymerization as show in the Figure 8.Figure 8 Lactide conversion as a function of reaction time for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at different temperatures with 15 wt.-% of Novozyme 435 and a monomer to toluene ration 13.From the Figure 8 observed that increasing temperature, the monomer conversion decrease. At 80 oC and 90 oC, a monomer conversion does not exceed 25 % in 2 days while at 60 oC and 70 oC, a monomer conversion reaches somewhat 60 % and at 50 oC, a monomer conversion reach to 80 %.In the case of ring opening polymerization of lactide by lipase-catalyst at higher temperature might induce an enhanced deactivation of the enzyme which led to low monomer conversion.Figure 9 Number-average molecular weight as a function of temperature for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at different monomer conversion with 15 wt.-% of Novozyme 435 and a monomer to toluene ratio 13.The relational of molecular weights and temperatures at different conversions a re presented in the figure 9, at 60 % and 50 % conversion obtained a highest molecular weights at 60 oC and fuddle off at higher temperatures. Explanation is an increase temperature release of free and loosely bound water which make denaturation of the enzyme. The other reason is a decrease in temperatures also induces a lower solubility of the polylactide and affect difficult to maintain a homogeneous solution.The improvement of process for lipase-catalyzed synthesis of PLAFrom the study about the influence of several factors for ring opening polymerization by lipase-catalyst observed that the enzymatic synthesis of PLA by use volatile organic compounds solvent do not encouraging due to a poor solubility of the substrates in polymerization reactions. In addition, the high temperature to reach the melting point of LA at 92 oC-95 oC might cause partial enzyme deactivation (Garcia-Arrazola et al., 2009).Garcia-Arrazola et al. (2009) improved the polymerization reaction to obtain PLA by used supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a solvent replacement of the volatile organic compound (VOCs). The advantage of scCO2 is non-expensive, non-flammable, non-toxic, low melting point, low viscosity, high diffusion coefficient, and friendly in synthetic processes.Table 3 Results obtained for the ring opening polymerization of L-LA in scCO2 with20 % (w/v) of L-LA and initial water content (aw) 0.16.EntryBiocatalyst (wt%)Time (days)Polymer yield (%)11015.7021029.77310311.0341041.6451513.261535.1671555.358157